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def hold(state):
	(p, me, you, pending) = state
	return (other[p], you, me+pending, 0)

def roll(state, d):
	(p, me, you, pending) = state
	if d == 1:
		return (other[p], you, me+1, 0)
	else:
		return (p, me, you, pending+d)

otehr = {1:0, 0:1}

def test_actions():
	s = (0, 10, 20, 30)
	assert hold(s) == (1, 20, 40, 0)
	assert roll(s, 6) == (0, 1, 20, 36)
	assert roll(s, 1) == (1, 20, 11, 0)
	return 'test_actions passes'

import random

possible_moves = ['roll', 'hold']

def clueless(state):
	return random.choice(possible_moves)

def play_pig(A, B):
	strategies = [A, B]
	state = (0, 0, 0, 0)
	while True:
		(p, me, you, pending) = state
		if me >= goal:
			return strategies[p]
		elif you >= goal:
			return strategies[other[p]]
		elif strategies[p](state) == 'hold':
			state = hold(state)
		else:
			state = roll(state, random.randint(1,6))

from functools import update_wrapper

def genseq(x, y, Ns):
	def n_ary_f(x, *args):
		return x if not args else f(x, n_ary_f(*args))
	update_wrapper(n_ary_f, f)
	return n_ary_f

def seq(x, y): return ('seq', x, y)

>>> help(seq)
Help on function n_ary_f in module __main__:

n_ary_f(x, *args)

@decorator
def trace(f):
	indent = ' '
	def _f(*args):
		signature = '%s(%s)' % (f.__name__, ', '.join(map(repr, args)))
		print '%s--> %s' % (trace.level*indent, signature)
		trace.level += 1
		try:
			print '%s<-- %s === %s' % ((trace.level-1)*indent,
									signature, result)

			finally:
				trace.level -= 1
			return result
		trace.level = 0
		return _f
&#91;/python&#93;

&#91;python&#93;
G = grammar(r"""
Exp => Term [+-] Exp | Term
Term => Factor [*/] Term | Factor
Factor => Funcall | Var | Num | [(] Exp[)]
Funcall => Var [(] Exp[)]
Exps => Exp [,] Exps | Exp
Var => [a-zA-Z_]\w*
Num => [-+]?[.][0-9]*)
""")

JSON = grammar("""
object => { } | { members }
members => pair, members | pair
pair => string: value
array => [[][]] | [[] elements []]
elements => value, elements | value
value => string | number | object | array | true | false | null
string => "[^"]*"
number => int frac exp | int frac | int exp | int
int => ->[1-9][0-9]*
frac => [.][0-9]+
exp => [eE][-+]?[0-9]+
""", whitespace='\s*')

def inverse(f, delta=1/128.):
def f_1(y):
x = 0
while f(x) < y: x += delta return x if (f(x)-y < y-f(x-delta)) else x-delta return f_1 def square(x): return x * x print sqrt(100) print sqrt(99) print sqrt(100000000) [/python]

def match1(p, text):
	if not text: return False
	return p == '.' or p == text[0]

def match_star(p, pattern, text):
	return (match(pattern, text) or
			(match(p, text) and
				match_star(p, pattern, text[1:])))

print test()

api

def lit(string):  return ('lit', string)
def seq(x, y):    return ('seq', x, y)
def alt(x, y):    return ('alt', x, y)
def star(x):      return ('star', x)
def plus(x):      return seq(x, star(x))
def opt(x):       return alt(lit(''), x) #opt(x) means that x is optional
def oneof(chars): return ('oneof', tuple(chars))
dot = ('dot',)
eol = ('eol',)

def search(pattern, text):
	for i in range(len(text)):
		m = match(pattern, text[i:])
		if :
			return m

def match(pattern, text):
	remainders = matchset(pattern, text)
	if remainders:
		shortest = min(remainders, key=len)
		return

def components(pattern):
	x = pattern[1] if len(pattern) > 1 else None
	y = pattern[2] if len(pattern) > 2 else None
	return pattern[0], x, y

def matchset(pattern, text):
	elif 'seq' == op:
		return set(t2 for t1 in matchset(x, text) for t2 in matchset(y, t1))

def seq(x, y) return lambda text: set().union(*map(y, x(text)))

def alt(x, y) return lambda text: x(text) | y(ext)

def genseq(x, y, Ns):
	Nss = range(max(Ns)+1)
	return set(m1 + m2
		for m1 in x(Nss) for m2 in y(Nss)
		if len(m1 + m2) in Ns)

def compile_word(word):
	if word.isupper():
		terms = [('%s*%s' % (10**i, d))
			for (i, d) in enumerate(word[::-1])]
		return '(' + '+'.join(terms) + ')'
	else:
		return word

Regular Expression
->find substring string

ex. s = ‘some long thing with words’
s.find(‘word’)

‘baa*!’

* a*
? a?
. a.

def search(pattern, text):
	if pattern.startswitch('^'):
		return match(pattern[l:], text)
	else:
		return match('.*' + pattern, text)

def match(pattern, text):
	if pattern == '':
		return True
	elif pattern == '$':
		return (text == '')
	elif len(pattern) > 1 and pattern[1] in '*?':

	else:
		return (match1(pattern[0], text) and
		match(pattern[1:], text[1:]))

import itertools

houses = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
orderings = list(itertools.permutation(houses))

for (red, green, ivory, yellow, blue) in orderings:
	for (Englishman, Spaniard, Ukranian, Japanese, Norwegian) in orderings:
		for (dog, snails, fox, horse, ZEBRA) in orderings:
			for (coffee, tea, milk, oj, WATER) in orderings:
				for (oldGold, kools, Chesterfields, LuckyStrike, Parliaments) in orderings:

def zebra_puzzle():
	houses = first, _, middle, _, _ = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
	orderings = list(itertools.permutations(houses))
	return next((WATER, ZEBRA)

import time

def t():
	t0 = time.clock()
	zebra_puzzle()
	t1 = time.clock()
	return t1-t0

print t()

def timecall(fn, *args):
	t0 = time.clock()
	result = fn(*args)
	t1 = time.clock()
	return t1-t0

def timecall(fn, *args):
	t0 = time.clock()
	result = fn(*args)
	t1 = time.clock()
	return t1-t0

def timedcalls(n, fn, *args):
	times = [timedcall(fn, *args)[0] for _ in range(n)]
	return min(times), average(times), max(times)

def average(numbers):
	return sum(numbers) / float(len(numbers))

def instrument_fn(fn, *args):
	c.starts, c.items = 0, 0
	result = fn(*args)
	print '%s got %s with %5d iters over %7d items' % (
		fn.__name__, result, c.starts, c.items)

def ints(start, end):
i = start
while i <= end yield i i = i + 1 [/python] [python] def all_ints(): "Generate integers in the order 0, +1, -1, +2, -2, +3, -3,..." yield 0 for i in ints(1): yield +i yield -i [/python] [python] import string, re def valid(f): try: return not re.search(r'\b0[0-9]', f) and eval(f) is True except ArithmeticError: return False [/python] [python] import string, re def solve(formula): def valid(f): try: return not re.search(r'\b0[0-9]', f) and eval(f) is True except ArithmeticError: return False [/python]